Impact of Brexit and Trump on International Marketing

Impact of Brexit and Trump on International Marketing â€Å"In light of the Brexit and other political events in 2016, discuss the possible implications for companies international marketing strategies.† Introduction The world as we know it, is changing. In light of the previous years, humanity has witnessed severe changes in the political arena around the world. The election of Donald Trump as the 45th president of the United States (U.S), the referendum in the United Kingdom (U.K), the failed Coup in Turkey, the breakup of the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Rise of the Far-Right in Europe are just some of the major political events that will change and reform the world dramatically imposing changes in businesses international marketing strategies (Foster, 2016; Lindsay, 2016). Amendments in the political scene trigger changes in all aspects of everyday life, with the impact of these alterations depicted in economy, business, society and even in climate. In this paper, an analysis will be conducted to examine the relation between marketing strategy and politics and how they affect the international marketing strategy in terms of standardization or adaption, along with possible alterations in the marketing mix. Furthermore, an attempt will be made to discuss the possible impact that important political events, such as Donald Trump’s presidency and Brexit, had on companies’ strategies. Relations between political environment and businesses In recent decades, the world has observed the globalisation and democratization of markets, a phenomenon that enabled companies to transcend borders and entry international markets (Czinkota, 2016). As Theodosiou and Leonidou (2002) claimed, the globalisation and democratization of international business scene is related moderately to the liberation of trading, which has changed the way companies and marketers design and implement their international strategies. Reduced domestic growth and excessive domestic competition are further reasons for firms moving into foreign markets (Kotler et al., 1996). As companies gain more knowledge and experience in international operation, they progress through stages of internationalization following the Upsala Internationalization Model (Keill0r, Boller & Luke, 1998). In other words, companies had to assess if they will comply with a standardization approach or adapt their strategies in cross-border countries. The former approach was led by: the similarities of countries due to the globalization of markets, the update and expansion of international communication channels and the birth of Internet, while the latter underlined that companies should acknowledge and adapt to the variations amongst different countries (Theodosiou & Leonidou, 2002). Kottler et al. (2011) claim that businesses’ decisions on which market they will enter, and by what means, are based on the evaluation and ranking of several factors. One of them is the risk of the political power that each country and government has. According to Ghauri & Cateora (2014), the importance of the political power over companies can be understood by the recognized authority that each government has, to control and restrict companies’ operations, by either offering support and encouragement or by implementing restrictions in the mode of expropriation, import restrictions (to protect their own industries), confiscation, domestication, price controls etc. It is then clearly understood, that the political environment places power on businesses and plays a great role in international companies’ operations and margin.    Indeed, ‘the ideal political conditions for a foreign firm is a stable and friendly government’ (Ghauri & Cateora, 2014: p.91). Both political climate and continuity of the set of rules established in a country are essential elements of the cultivation of good relations between companies and governments in a mutual beneficial and prosperous way. As Agawal & Feils (2007) suggest, ‘Political risk is highly relevant factor during the pre-entry and post-entry stages of the â€Å"process† model of internationalization.’ (p.166). Therefore, it is ideal for multinational companies to rely on stability to, sustainably, expand and invest. As mentioned, political changes have a great impact on the company’s decisions and marketing strategies. In fact, changes in the political scene have reflections into more factors than just trading policies. When a new government introduces import restrictions and trade tariffs, it affects the prices of goods, since companies trade expenses are increasing (Mor, 2017). In addition, additional border checks make the transport and distribution of commodities slower and more expensive. However, the introduction of tariffs is followed by a variety of non-tariff technical barriers, such as different product standards in labelling, packaging and safety (Mor, 2017). Combining all these together, it is obvious that not only are all four P’s in the marketing mix affected, but also the strategy which is designed by the marketers (Baines, Fill & Rosengren, 2017). Furthermore, apart from the impact to the global economy, political changes affect currency power. To be more precise, changes in governments which influence stock markets and trade, affect the value of the currency (Samson, Wigglesworth & Bullock, 2017), since its depreciation causes the equilibrium in trade to collapse (Melvin & Sultan,1990). Indeed, the value of each country’s currency affects the exchange rates followed by changes in import and export expenses, effecting the company’s competitiveness in foreign markets (Cox, Chu & Rodionova, 2017). Nevertheless, companies, in order to minimize the impact of the political uncertainty and risk, will reassess and readjust a great part of their international marketing strategy, which is thus how they enter the markets, choosing a safer path than the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Indeed, ‘the higher the degree of country risk, the greater the probability is that exporting (contractual agreement) rather than FDI as a market entry strategy will occur at the early (late) standardization phase.’ (Malhotra, Agarwal & Ulgado, 2003: p.19). In other words, FDI implies a ‘higher level of commitment’ (Keillor, Boller & Luke, 1998: p.2). Impact of political events in international marketing strategies Donald Trump Presidency One of the events that altered modern history is the election of Donald Trump as the 45th president of the U.S. Donald Trump promised a series of political changes with effects extending to businesses and trade, such as reducing corporate taxes by 20%, investments in infrastructure, cutting the trade deficit to enhance job creation within the U.S and the creation of a ‘border tax’ for the companies that trade commodities outside the U.S to the U.S (BBC News, 2017). Trump’s aggressive political strategy, his order to withdraw the U.S from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, failure to effectively renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement, and establish fair trading relations with China, has reformed America’s marketing climate. International marketing will experience a great hit, since Trump’s strategy is basically introverted. Trump’s policy leans toward domestically-orientated companies which are expected to succeed in favour of higher economic growth and protectionist trade policies (Samson, Wigglesworth & Bullock, 2017). Trade between the U.S and international companies will be affected since trade restrictions will be imposed and renegotiations will change the way commodities are distributed inside and outside the U.S. Asia and Latin America will be affected the most, while tariffs could jeopardise the exporting of their goods to the U.S. Indeed, according to FXCM (2017), imposed tariffs in imports will pressure multinational companies to relocate production facilities and readjust the distribution channels. China will face the biggest threat since the U.S is the largest market for Chinese commodities; receiving 18% of China’s exports. There are winners and losers of Trump’s policies. In accordance to Milne (2016), pharmaceuticals such as Pfizez, oil & gas companies like Continental Resources are among the sectors that will benefit from Trump’s strategies based on his campaign. However, U.S carmakers who place their production outside the U.S such as GM, Cadillac, Ford and Japanese carmakers, are expected to be affected by the pricing strategies to foreign exchange rates. Furthermore, retailers and consumers will have a significant impact, since his policies will affect their expenses, trade agreement and supply chain; ‘could destroy the cross-border trade between the U.S and Mexico in high fructose corn syrup’ (Milne, 2016). To conclude, by imposing taxes and tariffs, standardization becomes adaption in the biggest world market and the domestically-oriented strategy affect the way marketers place and promote products in this market, insinuating changes in the marketing mix. Moreover, the U.S will affect the marketing strategy of international companies towards this market and they will put pressure to the potential entry of new companies. FDI is now a risk. By implementing new regulations and trades agreements international companies will observe a rise in their distribution expenses towards the U.S, affecting their margin. In order for these companies to survive in this market, they will have to increase prices which will pose a reduction to the consumption of their products, since natives will be attracted by domestic substitutes with lower prices, resulting in a possible loss of their competitive advantage (Milne, 2016). However, in order to maintain or minimize their profit decline, companies will ei ther try to negotiate with the U.S on their trading terms or in the worst-case scenario, costly relocate their activities and abandon this market. Brexit Within the scope of the biggest and most important referendum of modern history, British people voted for the U.K to leave the E.U, in an act that reflects that British people are not keen on accepting the migration tendency and people’s diversity (Czinkota, 2016). According to the same author, Brexit carries the burden of a future conflict within not only the E.U but also between the U.S, weakening their relationships. The importance of Britain’s businesses is reduced, while the British pound has reached its lowest level in the last 31 years (Market Inspector, 2017). As Brexit happened, the country fell into political uncertainty and turbulence. Financial Times (2016) proclaim that Britain is not ready to absorb the consequences of Brexit since the scene is still unclear. In the light of this uncertainty though, not only the U.K’s economy, but also businesses domestically and internationally are affected (Watts, 2017). The impact is great since, in accordance to Market Inspector (2017), exports will be affected if they leave the E.U without negotiating a new trade agreement-imposing tariffs-, resulting in a potential loss of U.K businesses’ competitive power in the E.U and global markets. Furthermore, the loss of access into the Single Market and higher trade tariffs will decrease the FDI flow in the U.K by 22%, a figure which may not be realistic due to the uncertainty of the future trading relations (Market Inspector, 2017). Based on Bowler (2017), the fall of the pound benefited the exporting activity, but it also made travel into international destinations less affordable for the British public, but more affordable for the inbound tourists. However, the worst impact of the pound’s decline was observed in terms of import expenses; a major factor in the U.K’s car industry and in the food and drinks sector (Cox, Chu & Rodionova, 2017). In addition to the general norm of Brexit, some companies already witnessed Brexit’s consequences and took premeasures in order to prepare for the upcoming changes, as depicted in the table below: Figure 1 : Companies Statements of Action in light of Brexit. (Source: Market Inspector, 2017) However, as suggested in Market Inspector (2017), despite the loss of negotiation power within the E.U, the U.K will possibly acquire more control over negotiation with countries outside the E.U, which will allow a fresh start for business deals with countries all over the world, exploring trades with China in a greater extent. By negotiating freely with other countries on its own terms, Britain can capitalize on new trading deals which will benefit international markets. The report produced by Irwin (2015) claims that Brexit exposed several countries in different magnitudes such as the Netherlands, Ireland, and Germany, due to their alignment with the U.K trading policies, while ‘export, supply chain, investment and policy interests of many large corporates would be adversely affected’ (p.39). Similarly to the situation in the U.S, international companies which operated using the U.K as their base or were relying on the U.K’s business economy and economic importance, now face threats and have to be proactive for the future. This implies that marketers should now adjust their strategies to be relevant to the future agreement that the U.K will have with Europe and the world in general. Adaptation is gaining ground since Britain’s referendum was a clear sign of a form of xenophobia and introversion (Czinkota, 2016). Since new trade deals will be imposed and new non-tariff technical agreements will be made (Mor, 2017), product’s place, promotion and price will change, consequently marketers have to readjust not only the new elements of the marketing mix to be effective and competitive, but also the way they enter the market, by reassessing exporting and the advantages of FDI. Conclusion To conclude, an analysis of the relation between politics and international marketing was conducted. Radical changes in the political scene can occur in the most stable governments and are translated in changes in the business world. Tariffs, taxes, boarder checks, non-tariff technical barriers and exchange rates imposed by the new governments according to their campaigns and beliefs, reflect in a business’s international marketing strategy, as the liberation of the markets is now being narrowed and limited. Adaption is gaining power over standardization and companies re-evaluate their strategies under the light of the political changes and the risk within them. The scene in the U.S and U.K is still uncertain, and this feeling is not welcomed by international companies which hunt markets with balance and stability in their internal and external policies, affecting the way and the means which a business chooses to operate within or with them. As the future is unclear, and sever al agreements are in stake, the world in on the edge of major changes in two of the biggest and most important markets. References: Agarwal J.  and  Feils D. (2007) Political risk and the internationalization of firms: An empirical study of Canadian-based export and FDI firms.  Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de lAdministration  24:3, 165-181. Baines, P., Fill, C. and Rosengren, S. (2017). Marketing. 4rth Edition, Oxford Press, ISBN:9780198748533, pp.1-135 BBC News. (2017).  Where Trump stands on key issues. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-us-2016-37468751 [Accessed 10 Nov. 2017]. Bowler, T. (2017).  How has the economy fared since the Brexit vote? [online] BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-36956418 [Accessed 11 Nov. 2017]. Cox, J., Chu, B. and Rodionova, Z. (2017).  Cost of Brexit: The impact on business and the economy so far.   [online] The Independent. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/brexit-economy-sterling-currency-investment-cost-impact-business-financial-banks-insurance-retail-a7695486.html [Accessed 12 Nov. 2017]. Czinkota, M. (2016).  How Marketers Can Ease Brexit and Other Isolationist Transitions. [online] American   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marketing Association. Available at: https://www.ama.org/publications/MarketingNews/Pages/how-marketers-ease-brexit-isolationist-transitions.aspx [Accessed 10 Nov. 2017]. Financial Times. (2016).  Uncertainty will shape the UK economy in 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/fa8715c4-c843-11e6-9043-7e34c07b46ef [Accessed 11 Nov. 2017]. Foster, P. (2016).  2016 in review: World events that changed history. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/31/2016-review-world-events-changed-history/ [Accessed 9 Nov. 2017]. FXCM (2017).  How Will President Trumps Policies Affect Trade And Economics? FXCM. [online] FXCM Insights. Available at: https://www.fxcm.com/insights/how-will-president-trumps-policies-affect-trade-and-economics/ [Accessed 10 Nov. 2017]. Ghauri, P. and Cateora, P. (2014). International marketing. 4th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, pp.3-284. Irwin, G. (2015).  BREXIT: the impact on the UK and the EU. [online] Global Counsel. Available at: https://www.global-counsel.co.uk/sites/default/files/special-reports/downloads/Global%20Counsel_Impact_of_Brexit.pdf [Accessed 11 Nov. 2017]. Keillor, B, Boller, G, & Luke, R 1998, Firm-Level Political Behavior and Level of Foreign Market Involvement: Implications for International Marketing Strategy, Journal of Marketing Management (10711988), 8, 1, pp. 1-11, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 November 2017. Kotler, P, Armstrong, G, Saunders, J, & Wong, V 1996, Principles Of Marketing, n.p.: London : Prentice Hall, 1996., SAULCAT, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 November 2017. Kotler, P, Armstrong, G, & Parment, A. (2011)  Principles Of Marketing. [Electronic Book], n.p.: Harlow, England: Pearson, 2011., SAULCAT, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 November 2017. Lindsay, J. (2016).  The 10 Most Significant World Events in 2016. [online] The Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/12/ten-most-significant-world-events-in-2016/511079/ [Accessed 9 Nov. 2017]. Theodosiou M., Leonidou C. (2003). Standardization versus adaptation of international marketing strategy: an integrative assessment of the empirical research In International Business Review, Volume 12, Issue 2, Pages 141-171, ISSN 0969-5931, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-5931(02)00094-X. Market Inspector. (2017).  Impact of Brexit on Businesses in the UK | Market-Inspector. [online] Available at: https://www.market-inspector.co.uk/blog/2016/10/impact-of-brexit-on-businesses-in-the-uk [Accessed 11 Nov. 2017]. Martin, W. (2017).  BARCLAYS: These 66 key events will shape European politics and economics in 2017. [online] Business Insider. Available at: http://uk.businessinsider.com/key-events-that-will-shape-european-politics-and-economics-in-2017-2017-1 [Accessed 9 Nov. 2017]. Melvin, M, & Sultan, J. (1990). The Choice of an Invoicing Currency in International Trade and the Balance of Trade Impact of Currency Depreciation. Open economies review 1, no. 3, (accessed November 12, 2017). Milne, R. (2016).  Trump victory: corporate winners and losers. [online] Ft.com. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/8de13154-a677-11e6-8898-79a99e2a4de6 [Accessed 11 Nov. 2017]. Mor, F. (2017).  Importance of trade with the EU for UK industries: Number 8065. [ebook] British Parliament. Available at: http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-8065#fullreport [Accessed 12 Nov. 2017]. Malhotra K. N., Agarwal J., Ulgado M. F. (2003) Internationalization and Entry Modes: A Multitheoretical Framework and Research Propositions. Journal of International Marketing: Winter 2003, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.11.4.1.20144 Perry, B. (2017).  Evaluating Country Risk for International Investing. [online] Investopedia. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/08/country-risk-for-international-investing.asp [Accessed 10 Nov. 2017]. Samson, A., Wigglesworth, R. and Bullock, N. (2017).  Trump’s unexpected impact on markets in seven charts. [online] Ft.com. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/401d0d88-de64-11e6-9d7c-be108f1c1dce [Accessed 10 Nov. 2017]. Watts, J. (2017).  Mark Carney just warned Brexit is already dragging down your wage. [online] The Independent. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-uncertainty-mark-carney-uk-eu-economy-future-wages-eu-single-market-customs-union-bank-a7874956.html [Accessed 11 Nov. 2017].

Research Paper on Smoking Essay

Recently there has been an abundance of media coverage regarding a public’s â€Å"war of smoking.† Recently, Washington state has begun taking vital steps to prohibit smoking in public areas in order to make Washington a better place. There are many arguments about the smoking. The health issues for the smoker and those around them increase the prices and the social unaccepted of the act. Smoking is dangerous for smoker and for the one who is around the smoker. Firstly, smoking is dangerous for smoker, when smokers are smoking, will take lung cancer. The most common form of cancer diagnosed in United States is lung cancer. Lung cancer accounts for 14% out of all cancers, and 28% out of all cancer deaths. (ALA Lung cancer Fact Sheet) According to the American Lung Association, â€Å"Cigarette smoking is responsible for an estimated 87% of lung cancer deaths, or seven out of eight† (American Lung Association). Cigarette contains more than 400toxic and 4000 chemical compounds. Nicotine is the most addictive substance in tobacco. Smoking decreases the level of oxygen from reaching the tissues, giving rise to different health problems such as strokes, heart attacks or miscarriages. Nicotine is increases cholesterol levels in the body and carbon monoxide, which decreases the amount of oxygen within the body. When cholesterol level is increase in blood, increases the chance that a heart attack. Smoking also caused of chronic coughing, short ness of breath, premature aging, recurrent infections and reduced overall fitness (Diseases Caused by Smoking). Yang2 Another example of health issues originated from smoking is emphysema. The Lung Association states that when one has emphysema, some of the air sacs in smoker’s lungs are damaged (The Lung Association). Emphysema does not develop suddenly, it comes very slowly. Years of exposure to cigarettes causes the development of emphysema. Secondly, smoking is also dangerous for non-smokers. Lung cancer is not only a trouble for the smoker, but it is also a trouble for the non-smokers. The indirect effect of smoking comes from two places; smokers breathe out from the other person smoking, and smoke from the end of a burning cigarette  (American Lung Association). The American Lung Association said, â€Å"Indirect smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals; 200 are poisons and 43 cause of cancer.†(The American Lung Association) When non-smokers are stay nearby smoker, they will get some harmful effects. Kinds of cough, nausea, headache, eye irritation, sore throat, dizziness even cancer. Workplaces alone could stop over 32,000 cancer deaths and over 75,000 heart disease deaths. According to the government, 83% of worker health complaints related to trouble with indoor air quality will decrease when workplaces become smoke-free. Constant exposure to tobacco smoke in the workplace nearly doubles the risk of having a hea rt attack. Thirdly, prices of cigarettes have been going through a dramatic increase recently. The government thinks that the increase of price will protect or even get people to quit smoking (Higher Cigarette taxes). According to several studies the increase of cigarette taxes is one of the most effective ways to decrease smoking among teenager and adults (Tobacco Free Kids). These studies show that every 10% increase in the price of cigarettes will decrease total cigarette consumption by three to five percent and decrease teenager smoking by about 7% (Tobacco free Kids). If cigarette prices were increased 10% per pack throughout the country, it would decrease the number of teenagers who become regular smokers by more than a million, saving teenager from dependence, disease and death. Studies also show that people with low income are ones that respond to the increase of prices and end up quit smoking. It is proven that smoking levels are highest among people with low incomes. Lastly, former day, people could hardly find any places without someone smoking there. Now it is prohibited to smoke in public places in many countries. While the number of smokers is increasing, the number of places they can smoke is declining. Many provinces across Canada as well as the Washington states are making it a law that all restaurants and public areas have to be 100% smoke free (U.s. Environmental). A poll conducted by Washington state today shows that 70 % of participates preferred restaurants  that were smoke-free. Over the after 45 years, smoke-free (Research about cigarette). Everyone is at risk for diseases caused from smoking when they are in public places that are not smoke-free. Even with all the evidences that prove the dangers of smoking, some businesses still look down on banning this behavior (U.s. Environmental). There is no real evidence that proves going smoke-free is bad for the business. In fact, there are many positive outcomes when a business adopts s moke-free policy. For example, maintenance cost decreases when smoke, matches, and cigarette butts are eliminated in places. Also, hardware such as equipments, floors, and furniture last longer, and of course, people’s health is freed from danger (Higher Cigarette taxes). In result, many people have different opinions about smoking. There are many characteristic proving smoke-free places are beneficial for many reasons. The government is also trying different methods to induce people to stop smoking. The great increase in cigarette prices is the main one. They figure that this will stop people not to even start smoking. Many businesses today are changing what was used to be normal in a public area: smoking. Smoke free businesses are becoming more and more common. There is no real evidence that shows that adopting smoke-free policy is harmful to businesses. It helps out the business in many areas such as maintenance. People have different opinions, but researchers prove that smoke-free public areas are good for other people’s health, not just smokers’ health. Eventually one day the society will be 100% smoke free. BIBLOIGRAPHY American Lung Association, â€Å"Cigarette smoking is responsible for an estimated 87% of lung cancer deaths, or seven out of eight† (http://www.lungusa.org/stop-smoking/about-smoking/health-effects/smoking.html) The American Lung Association said, â€Å"Indirect smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals; 200 are poisons and 43 cause of cancer ( http://www.lungusa.org/stop-smoking/about-smoking/facts-figures/general-smoking-facts.html) The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) indirect smoking is known as the cause of cancer (http://www.epa.gov/smokefree/healtheffects.html) The Lung Association states that when one has emphysema, some of the air sacs in his lungs are damaged (http://www.lungusa.org/lung-disease/emphysema/) The government thinks that the increase of price will protect or even get people to quit smoking, The increase of price will make them think two times about smoking. Quitting will save them money and reduce their financial needs (http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/publications/news/news-now/health-of-the-public/20090303smoke-tax.html) According to several studies the increase of cigarette taxes is one of the most effective ways to decrease smoking among teenager and adults, These studies show that every 10 percent increase in the price of cigarettes will decrease total cigarette consumption by three to five percent and decrease teenager smoking by about 7% (http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/what_we_do/federal_issues/federal_tobacco_taxes/) Yang6 The increase of cigarette taxes is one of the most effective ways to decrease smoking among teenager and adults(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539350/) Many provinces across Canada as well as the Washington states are making it a law that all restaurants and public areas have to be 100% smoke free(http://www.city-data.com/forum/politics-other-controversies/99626-positive-effects-non-smoking.html) A poll conducted by Washington states today shows that 70 % of participates preferred restaurants that were smoke-free. Over the after 45 years, smoke-free(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9791529) Even with all the evidences that prove the dangers of smoking, some businesses still look down on banning this behavior (http://www.davehitt.com/facts/banlinksarchive2.html) Hardware such as equipments, floors, and furniture last longer, and of course, people’s health is freed from danger (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/10/tech/main6194761.shtml)

watashiwa Essay - 1713 Words

Chapter I The Problem and Its Scope There was a time when cheating was rare in schools, but today the whole â€Å"importance of learning† aspect has been eliminated. Instead, everyone is focused on making the top ten percent of their class or being valedictorian and we seem to have forgotten school’s purpose. School exists so that we will be educated, not so everyone can cheat their way into being successful. Education, which has become vital for the survival for any civilization must be dealt with care and dexterity as his education later mould the personality of a person who dwells among millions of people and can influence their lives. The 21st century has highlighted the need of the reforms so that a normal human†¦show more content†¦And generations of research has shown that a major factor in unethical behaviour is simply how easy or hard it is. A recent study by Jeffrey A. Roberts and David M. Wasieleski at Duquesne University found that the more online tools college students were allowed to use to complete an assignment, the more likely they were to copy the work of others. The Internet has changed attitudes, as a world of instant downloading, searching, cutting and pasting has loosened some ideas of ownership and authorship. An increased emphasis on having students work in teams may also have played a role. â€Å"Students are surprisingly unclear about what constitutes plagiarism or cheating,† said Mr. Wasieleski, an associate professor of management. Howard Gardner, a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, said that over the 20 years he has studied professional and academic integrity, â€Å"the ethical muscles have atrophied,† in part because of a culture that exalts success, however it is attained. He said the attitude he has found among students at elite colleges is: â€Å"We want to be famous and successful, we think our colleagues are cutting corners, we’ll be damned if we’ll lose out to them, and some day, when we’ve made it, we’ll be role models. But until then, give us a pass.† Numerous projects and research studies have shown that frequently reinforcing standards, to both students and teachers, can lessen

Macroeconomics Exercise - 6133 Words

Questions in macroeconomics Instructor: MA. Bui Huy Khoi Chapter 1 What is economics? 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Approach 2: We define uncertainty as the possibility of asset price variable coefficients being zero ( φ = 0, ÃŽ ² = 0). We can now lay out the possibilities a policy maker faces by the following: True macroeconomic structureRead MoreA Turning Point For Morocco s Political System1455 Words   |  6 Pagesrise in spite of macroeconomic reforms 15. has increased in recent years despite macroeconomic reforms.15 The Human Poverty Index of UNDP places Morocco 96th out of 120 countries. About 10% of the populace do not have adequate soucres for drinking water and 10% of chldren are malnourished.16. This goes to show that the quality of living of its citizens Morocco’s problems in the economic secotr are not exactly related to the state of its public finances and to borad macroeconomic indicators, but ratherRead MoreInternational Currency And International Trade1385 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational currency, it would meet various benefits and costs which could be analyzed from both economic and political dimensions. It has be argued (Cohen 2012)that the main advantages is related to transactions costs, international seigniorage macroeconomic flexibility, political leverage and reputation. With the internationalization of the currency .the domestic currency can be directed used for international trade valuation, payment and settlement. The foreign trade sector can use domestic currencyRead MoreUnderstanding And Applying Gdp And Productivity And The Wellbeing Of An Economy741 Words   |  3 PagesPhase 2 Understanding and Applying GDP in Economics Jack G. Schnackenberg Colorado Technical University Econ 210 Principles of Macroeconomics Dr. Joseph Keller 17 October 2015 Understanding and Applying GDP in Economics This paper takes a look into how to measure aggregate output/productivity and the wellbeing of an economy as a whole by factoring consumption, investment, government spending, net exports and imports. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is an effective tool that can aid economistRead MoreFdi Boon or Bane5112 Words   |  21 Pagesof increase in FDI. Hypothesis- Increase in FDI going to affect positively on Indian market for Short term period. Data and Methodology- We use secondary data for this research paper. It is just an Literature Review.The paper attempts a panel exercise for the select major emerging market economies to ascertain determinants of FDI flows. The data set comprises observations for the period from 2003-04 to 2009-10 for 10 major emerging economies, viz., Argentina, Brazil, Chile, India, Malaysia, MexicoRead MoreThe Impact of Macroeconomic Instability on the Banking Sector7782 Words   |  32 PagesJournal of Money, Investment and Banking ISSN 1450-288X Issue 7 (2009)  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009 http://www.eurojournals.com/JMIB.htm The Impact of Macroeconomic Instability on the Banking Sector Lending Behaviour in Nigeria Somoye, Russell Olukayode Christopher Associate Professor, Department of Banking and Finance Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye P.O Box 1140 Ijebu Ode , Nigeria E-mail: olukayodesomoye@hotmail.com Tel: + 234-8033335688 Ilo, Bamidele M Department of Banking